Functional Chain Reactions (Myofascial Chains)
Craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) not only affects the local chewing and jaw area (stomatognathic system) but can also influence other parts of the body through myofascial and neurophysiological chain reactions. Typical functional connections include:
Jaw muscles and temporomandibular joint: Overload or incoordination often leads to muscular tension—particularly in the masseter, temporalis, and medial/lateral pterygoid muscles.
Neck and shoulder girdle muscles: The jaw and neck regions are closely connected via muscular chains, such as the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and levator scapulae. As a result, dysfunctions in the jaw can manifest as tension, restricted movement, or pain in the cervical spine.
Spine: Protective reflexes and compensatory postural changes may cause CMD-related tension patterns to spread along the entire spine. A craniocervical imbalance (in the skull and cervical spine region) can even extend down to the lumbar spine or pelvic support system.
Pelvis and lower extremities: Over time, compensatory patterns can affect the pelvis and legs, potentially resulting in pelvic torsion, functional leg length discrepancies, or foot misalignments.
While this is usually a descending chain, the direction can also reverse: Postural issues or muscular imbalances in the pelvis, legs, or feet can transfer upward ultimately impacting the jaw region. In such cases, CMD symptoms may arise as a result of an ascending chain reaction.